1. Be able to calculate concentrations in the units of mass percents, molarity, molality, and mole fractions.
2. Understand the difference between dissolving and reacting (ex. Na in water vs. NaCl in water).
3. Know what is meant by the phrase “like dissolves like” and how it applies to polar and non-polar mixtures.
4. Understand what happens when solute and solvent combine to form solution. Be familiar with the three steps involved. Understand how solvent-solvent interactions, solvent-solute interactions, and solute-solute interactions affect solubility.
5. Know how energy and entropy (disorder) affect the ease of dissolution. Understand how DHsolution relates to changes in energy during the dissolving process. Know what the terms solvation, hydration, and hydration energy mean and how they affect the dissolving process.
6. Know the meanings of the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic, especially as they relate to vitamins and health.
7. Know what is required for a gas to dissolve in water. Understand how carbon dioxide and hydrogen halides react with water to increase solubility.
8. Understand the affects changes in temperature can have on the dissolving process.
9. Understand how rate of dissolution varies with surface area, temperature (for exothermic and endothermic dissolutions), and pressure (for gases dissolving in liquids).
10. Know the meanings of the terms saturated and super-saturated.
11. Be able to predict vapor pressures of solutions using Raoult’s Law.
12. Be able to calculate boiling points and freezing points for solutions.
13. Be able to explain how electrolytes affect colligative properties.
14. Be able to solve problems involving osmotic pressure.