(Focus on sections 1, 3, 4, & 6-9)
1. Be aware of the characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases. Understand what information is conveyed by the heat of fusion and heat of vaporization for a substance
2. Understand the difference between intermolecular attractions and intramolecular attractions.
3. Be
able to recognize and describe the conditions required for each of the four
types of intermolecular attractive forces: ion-ion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen
bonding, and
4. Know what unit cells are and how they repeat in the structures of crystals. Know how the ideas of a lattice and lattice points are used to describe crystal structures. Be able to draw the common patterns for the three cubic crystal systems (simple, face-centered, and body-centered).
5. Be able to use unit cell data to predict densities of solids.
6. Understand how the relative strength of intermolecular forces affects physical properties of molecular solids and ionic solids (boiling point, melting/freezing point, rate of evaporation, miscibility of liquids, etc.)
7. Be able to calculate the number of atoms or ions in a unit cell.
8. Understand what occurs during evaporation and condensation. Understand that in a closed container a dynamic equilibrium exists.
9. Know what creates vapor pressure and understand how vapor pressure is related to temperature. Know how the term volatility relates to vapor pressure. Understand how intermolecular forces impact vapor pressure. Understand that solids also have vapor pressure and that solids can undergo sublimation.
10. Understand what occurs during boiling and the definition of the term boiling point. Understand why boiling point is dependent on elevation/pressure.
11. Understand what occurs during melting and the definition of the term melting point.
12. Be familiar with the different regions shown on a heating curve and the processes that each region represents.
13. Understand how phase diagrams represent relationships between pressure and temperature for a substance and demonstrate necessary conditions for changes of state.
14. Understand how energy is used during boiling and melting. Understand why temperature does not change when molecules are converted from liquid to gas or from solid to liquid. Recognize how heat of vaporization and heat of fusion are related to intermolecular forces.
15. On a phase diagram, be able to identify: the vapor pressure curve, the liquid-solid equilibrium condition line, the relative density of solid vs. liquid (based on the slope of the liquid-solid equilibrium condition line), the triple point, the sublimation curve, the critical temperature, the critical pressure, and the critical point. Be able to use this information to state temperatures and/or pressures at which changes of state would occur. Ex: What is the boiling point of water at a pressure of 355 Torr?
16. Be able to work mathematical problems involving changes of state and heat, especially using heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, and specific heat capacity of solid, liquid, and gas states. (Note: we will practice these calculations in class, but pay attention to the terms and constants as they are introduced in the reading.)